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THE BATTLE OF PITTSBURG
LANDING.
WE have received several sketches
of the Battle of Pittsburg Landing from our artist, Mr. H. Mosler, and three of
them we reproduce on page 276. One represents the
LANDING AT PITTSBURG—a scene,
as Mr. Mosler says, of unmitigated mud. Up the steep banks of the bluff here the
troops of
Buell's army toiled to join
Grant, dragging their artillery with them;
and down these bluffs, sad to state, the cowards in the raw regiments fled to
seek shelter from shot and shell. Another picture shows us
SHILOH MEETING-HOUSE,
which was in front of
General Sherman's division. The battle here raged with
great fury, and at one time the wounded and dying of both armies sought refuge
in the building. It is from this house that many propose to call the fight the
battle of Shiloh. A third picture shows us GENERAL BUELL'S ARMY CROSSING DUCK
RIVER AT COLUMBIA, TENNESSEE, on their way to join General Grant. The infantry
crossed over a pontoon bridge; the cavalry and artillery forded the river, while
the baggage crossed the great bridge. Columbia is a pretty little village of
3000 inhabitants.
On
page 273 we publish a group of
portraits of THE HEROES OF THE BATTLE OF PITTSBURG LANDING. The following
sketches of the lives of the men will be read with interest:
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT.
MAJOR-GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT
was born at
Point Pleasant, Clairmont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822, and entered
West Point Military Academy from Ohio in 1839, where he graduated with honors in
1843, and was attached as Brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth infantry. He
was promoted Second Lieutenant at Corpus Christi in September, 1845, and served
as such through Mexico, under General Taylor at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma,
and Monterey; and under
General Scott from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, and
was twice promoted for his bravery. He was regimental quarter-master from April
1, 1847, and when he resigned the service on the 31st of July, 1854, he was a
full Captain in the Fourth infantry of regulars. After his resignation he
settled in St. Louis County, Missouri, and moved from there to Galena, Illinois,
in 1860. Upon the breaking out of the present war he offered his services to
Governor Yates, and was appointed Colonel of the Twenty-first regiment of
Illinois Volunteers, and served with his regiment until promoted a
Brigadier-General, with commission and rank from the 17th of May, 1861. He was
engaged as Colonel and Acting Brigadier-General in several of the contests in
Southeastern Missouri, and his course as commander of the Southeast district of
Missouri has been thoroughly scrutinized; and among his most praiseworthy acts
was the occupation of Paducah and stoppage of communication and supplies to the
rebels via the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. The manner in which he conducted
the
battle of Belmont is still fresh in our readers' minds. The rest of his
course, as commander there, is too well known to be repeated here, and certain
it is that his action in every instance has been applauded both by his superior
officers and the people. After the
capture of Fort Henry a new district was
created, under the denomination of the District of West Tennessee, and General
Grant was assigned by
General Halleck to the command of it. He was in command of
the Union forces at
Fort Donelson, and his
noted correspondence with General
Buckner gained him the sobriquet of Unconditional Surrender Grant, answering to
his initials of U. S. Grant. For the success of that action he was created a
Major-General; but being unavoidably absent from the field during the earlier
portion of the fight, it was reported that he was temporarily deprived of his
command until the matter could be investigated. After a few days he was,
however, again ordered into the field, and took the command of our forces at
Pittsburg Landing. From the accounts of correspondents it does not seem that he
showed much generalship, though his gallantry on the Monday undoubtedly
contributed to the success of the day, and will preserve his fame among the
people.
MAJOR-GENERAL D. C. BUELL.
GENERAL BUELL is a native of
Ohio, in which State he was born about the year 1818. He graduated at the
Military Academy at West Point in 1837, and served as Second Lieutenant in the
Third Infantry. He obtained the rank of First Lieutenant in June, 1846, and
accompanied his regiment to Mexico. In September of the same year he was
brevetted Captain for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey. He
accompanied General Scott's army, and again distinguished himself at Cerro
Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco; was severely wounded at the latter fight, and
brevetted Major for gallantry there. On his return home he was appointed
Assistant Adjutant-General, and served in that capacity in various parts of the
country. On the outbreak of the war Major Buell was active in organizing the
army at Washington. On
General McClellan's appointment to the chief command he
placed General Buell in command of a division, which soon became so perfect in
discipline and drill as to elicit general remark. Soon afterward it was deemed
best to supersede
General Sherman in the command of the army in Kentucky, and
General Buell was appointed in his stead. He spent the winter in organizing his
troops, and in February proceeded to move. The
battle of Mill Spring and the
occupation of
Bowling Green were the first exploits of his troops. He occupied
Nashville after the fall of Donelson, and then moved southward through
Tennessee. Three of his divisions arrived at Pittsburg Landing in time to save
General Grant's army.
MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. McCLERNAND.
MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. McCLERNAND
is not a soldier by trade, but is best known to the country as a Democratic
politician from Illinois. He was a leader of the Douglas Democrats, and did
battle for them valiantly at
Charleston. At the outbreak of the war he took
sides manfully for the Union, and shortly afterward was nominated a
Brigadier-General of Volunteers. In the Belmont fight he manifested that he
possessed very good military capacity, and during his administration of military
affairs at Cairo he secured the good-will of the men under his command. In the reconnoissance in the rear of Columbus, during the advance upon Fort Henry, and
at the grand battle before Fort Donelson, General McClernand manifested superior
military ability. For his gallantry on these occasions he was, on the 21st of
March, made by Congress a Major-General of Volunteers, and accompanied the
advance up the Tennessee River toward Savannah. At the battle at Pittsburg
Landing he distinguished himself exceedingly.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL W. H. L.
WALLACE.
This gallant soldier, who fell at
the battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a lawyer by trade, and a resident of
Ottawa, Illinois. He first saw service in the Mexican War, in which he enlisted
as a private in 1846, carrying a musket in Company I, First Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, led by the lamented Hardin. A Lieutenancy and Adjutancy followed,
and General Wallace was by his Colonel's side when he fell. At the outbreak of
the present war he was elected Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois. For months he
was Acting Brigadier and Commandant at Bird's Point, and he received his
appointment and confirmation to Brigade command for gallantry at Donelson. At
Pittsburg he commanded a division. He was shot on the Sunday, the ball entering
below his ear and passing through his head. He was left where he fell till
Monday, when he was found still living, but died shortly afterward. He has three
brothers and a father-in-law in service in this war, the latter Colonel T. Lyle
Dickey, of the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, his law-partner, and now attached to
General Wallace's division.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL B. M. PRENTISS.
GENERAL PRENTISS, who was taken
prisoner at Pittsburg Landing, is an old soldier of the Mexican War. When
that war broke out he volunteered
as a lieutenant of the Illinois troops, and was selected by the unfortunate J.
J. Hardin to act as his Adjutant. By Harden's side he fought in every battle
until that gallant chieftain fell, and with his own hands he helped to dress his
corpse for the last rites of humanity. During that entire campaign he was the
most intimate companion of that lamented officer, and the sash which he wears
now at the head of his regiment is the one which Hardin wore on that last fatal
field. He is an able officer, and very popular with his men. He was a candidate
for Congress in the Fifth Illinois district last year, but the Democratic
majority was too much for him. At the commencement of the rebellion he stepped
forth at the head of the first regiment of Illinois volunteers who volunteered
for three months. The regiment was numerically known as the Tenth Illinois
Volunteers, and as the Colonel was the senior officer of all the troops who
occupied the depot at
Cairo, he became Acting Brigadier-General and Commander of
the post. He afterward had the full rank awarded to him, dating from May 17,
1861. His regiment re-enlisted for the war en masse, under Colonel Morgan. He
has been engaged during the war in various parts of the State of Missouri, more
recently on the Kansas border, from which post he proceeded to join the army up
the Tennessee River.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL W. T. SHERMAN.
GENERAL SHERMAN is a native of
Ohio, brother of Senator John Sherman. He graduated at West Point in 1840,
standing No. 6 in his class, in which were Generals Van Vleit, George H. Thomas,
and others of the Union army, and General McCown, of the rebels, recently a
commander at
Island No. 10. On the 1st of July, 1840, he was promoted to a
Second Lieutenancy of the Third Artillery, and on the 30th of November, 1841,
was further promoted to a First Lieutenancy. He was acting as Assistant
Adjutant-General in the Tenth Military Department in 1847, and was brevetted
Captain for meritorious services in California during the war with Mexico. His
brevet was awarded In March, 1851, and dated from May 30, 1848. He was next
appointed Commissary of Subsistence, with rank of Captain, dating from
September, 1850. He resigned the service an the 6th of September, 1853. On the
17th of May, 1861, he was appointed a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and when
General Anderson requested to be relieved was appointed to the command of the
army in Kentucky. He was subsequently superseded by General Buell, and removed
to the command of the force at Sedalia. After a short time he was again removed
and placed on the non-active list. General Halleck has since recalled him into
active life and ordered him to join General Grant.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL NELSON.
GENERAL NELSON is a native of
Kentucky and about forty years of age. He entered the United States Navy at
manhood and served twelve years at sea. When the rebellion broke out he offered
his services to Government, and was detailed to command the Ohio River fleet of
gun-boats. His extensive acquaintance with the people of Kentucky, and his large
relationship in that State, pointed to him as a proper person, during the bad
health of General Anderson, to be sent into Kentucky to sound the loyal
sentiment of that State, and to strengthen it. Accordingly, as early as April,
he went thither and began the formation of a camp and the recruiting of troops
at a point between Garrardsville and Danville, since known as "Camp Dick
Robinson." Some time afterward, Colonel
George H. Thomas, of the Second cavalry,
proceeded thither, having received the appointment of Brigadier-General of
Volunteers, and assumed the command. General Nelson was then ordered to form a
camp at Washington, Mason County, Kentucky, for the enlistment of troops. To
fine natural abilities and large experience in arms he adds great energy of
character and fine judgment of men. He it was who ordered the arrest of Stanton, Casto, & Co., though they were old friends and companions. He does not recognize
any relationships in life when duty demands their prostration or sacrifice. His
brother, Thomas Nelson, of Indiana, is our present Minister to Chili, and his
brother-in-law, J. Monroe Stockton, Postmaster at Maysville.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL THOMAS L.
CRITTENDEN.
GENERAL CRITTENDEN is a native of Kentucky, and a son of John J.
Crittenden. His brother George is a rebel, and commanded the rebel force at Mill
Spring. When the rebels took up arms in Kentucky, General T. L. Crittenden was
empowered to take command, and at the head of the Home Guard started for Muldraugh's Hill and effectively checked the advance of the rebels on
Louisville. Since that time he has been actively engaged in the field under
General Buell. His commission of Brigadier-General dates from September 27,
1861.
ACTING BRIGADIER-GENERAL T. W.
SWEENY.
COLONEL SWEENY, who was wounded at the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and distingished himself, is an Irishman by birth, but came to this country when a
child. He was bred a printer, but volunteered when the Mexican war broke out,
and was chosen Second Lieutenant in Burnett's regiment. He was at the storming
of Vera Cruz, and was with the army up to the City of Mexico. He was twice
wounded in the battle of Churubusco—once so severely that he had to lose his
right arm. On Colonel Sweeny's return to this city in March, 1848, he received
the commission of Second Lieutenant in the Second Regiment of United States
infantry, and was soon afterward ordered to California, where he performed many
arduous duties. From California, he, with a portion of his regiment, was ordered
to Fort Pierre, in Northern Nebraska, where he served as aid to General Harney.
In June, 1851, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy. At the commencement of
the rebellion Colonel Sweeny, who was then a Captain of the Second United States
infantry, having obtained that rank on the 19th of January 1861, was ordered to
Newport barracks, and soon afterward to the command of the St. Louis Arsenal,
previous to General Lyon taking the command. He was also second in command at
the surrender of the notorious rebel Claib. Jackson, and was afterward appointed
Colonel and acting Brigadier-General of the three months' Missouri volunteers.
Previous to the battle of Wilson's Creek, where it was decided not to attack the
rebel General Price, General Sweeny was so impressed that a retreat would be
worse than a defeat that he prevailed on General Lyon to make the attack. In
that battle he was again wounded, and still carries the ball in his limb.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL McDOWELL McCOOK.
GENERAL McCOOK, who distinguished
himself at Pittsburg, comes of the fighting family of M'Cooks of Columbiana
County, Ohio. He was born April 22, 1831; was appointed to West Point in 1848,
and graduated in 1852. He was appointed Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Third
Infantry, and ordered to the Department of New Mexico. He took an active part in
all the prominent Indian campaigns in that department up to February, 1858, when
he was ordered to West Point, where he served as principal assistant-instructor
in infantry tactics, and also in the art of war, until the fall of
Sumter. He
then applied for permission to take the field, and was ordered to his native
State to muster in volunteers for the three months' service. On his thirtieth
birthday he was elected and commissioned Colonel of the First Ohio Volunteers.
He commanded this regiment at the battle of Bull Run, where it formed part of Schenck's Brigade. He returned to Ohio with the regiment, mustered it out of the
service, and recruited it again at Dayton, Ohio. He was appointed
Brigadier-General of Volunteers September 3, 1861, end ordered to the Department
of the Cumberland. He has since commanded a division under Buell, and arrived at
Pittsburg in time to be of great service.
BRIGADIER-GENERAL LOVELL H.
ROUSSEAU.
GENERAL ROUSSEAU, who is reported for gallantry at Pittsburg, is a
Kentuckian, of Huguenot descent. His father died when he was young, leaving him
to educate himself. In 1840 he removed near Louisville, and began the study of
law without an instructor. Subsequently he settled in Indiana, where he was
elected successively to the State Legislature and Senate. He commanded a company
in the Mexican war, and fought gallantly at the battle of Buena Vista. In 1849
he returned to Louisville, and rose rapidly to distinction at a bar rich in
ability. He was a member of the Kentucky State Senate at the time our present
national troubles began, and immediately took a bold and decided stand in favor
of the Government. In June, 1861, he resigned his seat in the Senate, and
applied
for a commission to raise
volunteers. Against the remonstrances and determined opposition of nearly all
the prominent men of Kentucky, he succeeded in raising two splendid regiments,
composed entirely of Kentuckians, called the Louisville Legion. It was those
troops, aided by a battalion of Home Guards from Louisville, that saved that
city from falling into the hands of the rebels. General Rousseau was soon
promoted to be Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and has since served under
Buell.
THE GHOST-DEAD-BELL.
"IT is now over two years since I
was quartered with my regiment in Vienna. Among the acquaintances which I formed
there was a young nobleman who was in the Imperial Guard, the Baron Von
Steingraff. He was the sole descendant of an ancient Styrian family, that had
lived for centuries in an old castle not far from Saltzburg. A finer-hearted
fellow could not be found in his Imperial Majesty's dominions, nor a better
soldier in his army than Friederich. Frank and gay as a companion, he was a
favorite with his own sex; and a good figure, to say nothing of a good property,
made him not unacceptable with old mammas and young daughters. Friederich,
however, seemed to be no marrying man, though he had nothing misogynistic in his
nature. When our intimacy had grown into friendship, I happened to banter him
upon the subject of matrimony, naming a young lady who was evidently not
unfavorably disposed to him. But Friederich assured me gravely that he had
resolved never to marry. 'Not,' said he, 'that I have any disinclination to the
state, but that I have long felt the conviction that fate had forbidden me to
enter into it.'
"Then he told me how, when a
child, a Zigeunerinn, or gipsy woman from Bohemia, had met him in the wood near
the Schloss, and looked into his hand, and said to him, 'Ach! jung Herr, when
you go to marry a wife take heed. The way to God's altar lies through God's
acre!'
" 'Well,' said I, that was a safe
prophecy. A man can not well get to the church door till he walks through the
church-yard.'
" 'Oh,' he replied, 'that was not
the woman's meaning. If she spoke true, either I or she, whom I would make my
wife, should not live for the bridal day. At all events the belief has so grown
with my growth that I can not now reject it. And so I will never endanger my own
life or that of one whom I could love well enough to marry. And now, my dear
friend, let us never speak on this subject again.'
"Of course we never did; and the
matter was soon entirely forgotten by me.
"A year passed by, and I was far
away in the north of Germany, when I got a letter from the Baron Von Steingraff.
It announced that he had proposed for a young lady in his own country, was
accepted, and would shortly be married. 'My destiny,' he continued, 'whatever it
be, I must work out; and I could not resist the attractions of my little
Roeschen. So come to me as soon as you can. Who knows but your interpretation of
the gipsy's prophecy may be the true one?'
"I laughed heartily as I closed
the letter. The old story—old as Adam. Woman's tongue has overcome man's
resolve. Pretty young Roeschen has beaten the withered old gipsy out of the
field; and so saying I prepared for my journey, and was en route the following
morning.
"The close of a lovely autumn day
found me on the road between Salzburg and St. Gilgen, where it skirts the
picturesque little lake of Mondsee, so snugly embosomed in precipitous hills
clothed with the pine and the larch. Not far from this stood the Schloss of my
friend, built close to the ruins of a suppressed monastery, and pleasantly
sheltered by the dark forest upon which the evening sun was now glinting.
Thither I worked my way, rather slowly, for the approach was steep and
circuitous, so that by the time I stood at the heavy door-way the sun had set
and the large mass of building was lying in gloom. My visit did not seem to be
expected, for I had to knock many times and loudly upon the thick oaken portal
before any one came to my summons. At last the door was opened by a man who
looked more like a holzknecht or woodsman of the district than a servitor of a
well-ordered establishment. He had a lamp in his hand, and appeared flurried. I
stated who I was, and desired him to conduct me to his master. To this he made
no reply, but shaking his head, motioned me to follow him. We crossed the great
hall and entered a small chamber, where the man set down the light and
disappeared. 'A strange welcome,' thought I, 'from an intended bridegroom for
his best man;' and I looked around me. The room was comfortably furnished: there
were cases well filled with books; guns, rods, spears, and hunting gear were
hanging from the wall, and an escritoire stood near the fire-place; but no
cheerful fire was glowing there—a few half burned pine logs lay upon the iron
dogs on the hearth. When I had completed my survey an old serving man entered,
and a few words solved the mystery. The day his master had written to me he was
suddenly seized with illness, and he was now in the eighth day struggling with
fever, and was delirious. The doctor of the neighboring town of St. Gilgen, who
was in attendance, had just left him for a short time, declaring that the case
was almost hopeless, but that the crisis, which would occur that night, would
determine his fate.
"I need not say how this
intelligence shocked me. I desired to be shown to the chamber of my poor friend,
and announced that I would wait the issue whatever it might be. Messieurs, it is
a trying thing to stand beside one whom you last saw in health and strength of
mind and body, and to witness a poor shattered being, with flushed face, a
burning lip, and a glazed eye, tossing and raving; whose hand does not return
your clasp, whose ear does not recognize your words of love, whose eye looks
vacantly upon you. I sat down overwhelmed with emotion. From time to time,
through his wild raving, I could distinguish words which told how the bewildered
spirit wrestled, as it were, with the horrible phantoms of his disordered brain;
with what appalling incongruity
did he mingle the scenes of the charnel vault and the bridal chamber, now
calling on his bride to wrap her grave-clothes around her, and in a moment
after, with a wild laugh, bidding the sexton to pledge him in a skull of wine.
But I must not dwell on this painful subject. When I returned to the small
apartment I had first entered I found all necessary arrangements made for my
comfort, but I determined to watch through the night which was to decide all. I
felt, however, too nervous and agitated to remain alone, so I entreated the old
butler to bear me company. By degrees we became quite familiar. The doctor had
returned and sat by the bedside of his patient, who was gradually growing
tranquil and lethargic. It wanted now more than an hour of midnight; old Klaus
threw a fresh log on the fire, and filled my glass from the flask of Hungarian
wine that he had placed beside me. I could do no less than return the
compliment; and as the good old soul drank it sorrowfully to the recovery of his
master the tear stood in his eye, and he fairly sobbed aloud. I spoke a word of
comfort to the poor fellow.
" 'Alas! Herr Kauptmann,' said
he, 'my mind misgives me sadly. I am afraid every moment that I shall hear the
Geistertodenglocke—God protect us!'
" 'The Geistertodenglocke?' I
asked, 'what is that, Klaus?'
" 'Ach! Herr Kauptmann, what an
old fool I am. I forgot you could know nothing about it.'
"A little pressing got it all
out; for grief with men of his class is talkative.
" 'I suppose, Sir,' said he,
beginning his story, ' that you observed the old monastery near the castle as
you came up this evening.'
" 'I did, Klaus, a fine old ruin,
with the bell-tower.'
" 'Ay, a ruin now, Sir; but it
was once a grand and a holy place, with its lord, abbot, and monks, and broad,
rich lands. Well, Sir, a long time ago —I don't know how many hundred years
since—the Baron Steingraff of that day—he lived then in the old castle higher up
the hills above the Krotensee—had a quarrel with the abbot. The Baron was a
fierce and a haughty man, that cared little about church or priest, and the
abbot was as haughty in his own way, so the feud grew deadlier every day. At
last the abbot swore on the holy relics of St. Wolfgang that he would
excommunicate the Baron; and the Baron swore upon the cross of his sword-hilt
that he would tear the frock off the abbot's back, and drive him and his monks
out of the monastery. The abbot was as good as his word; and so, upon the feast
of the blessed St. Wolfgang, he and all his monks walked in procession through
the church up to the high altar, and the great book was opened and the anathemas
read, and then the bell was tolled, and the lighting candles were extinguished,
and so the Baron was excommunicated. Well, the bell was still tolling, and the
priests were on their way back down the aisle when the shouts of the Baron and
his wild men-at-arms, and jagers, and holzknechts rang at the walls, and sledges
and great pine beams were battering at the gate. Short work they made of it. One
mad fellow seized a splinter of pine-wood, and be lit it at the altar, and then
he fired the panels and the roof, and the dry wood was all soon in a blaze. The
Baron, as if possessed by an evil spirit, seized the bell-rope and rung out a
wild peal of triumph; but the abbot walked up to him, dressed in all his robes,
and holding up his hands, cursed him in the name of the Blessed Trinity, and the
said—"As the spirit of the Evil one peals that bell now by your hands, so shall
he peal it when the soul passes from the body of you, and of your son, and of
your son's son, in saecula saeculorum, Amen!" So saying, the abbot called all
his monks, and they went their way down to the lake of Aber; and they built a
new monastery where the church of St. Wolfgang now stands. The Baron seized the
monastery lands and held them too, for might was right in those days, and built
the present castle hard by the ruins of the monastery, lest the abbot and his
retainers should rally and seek to regain their old possessions. But they never
did, for the abbot was not overloved in the country, besides the Baron was too
powerful to be lightly meddled with.
" 'Time passed on, and the Baron
had well-nigh forgotten that abbot or monk had ever dwelt within the old
blackened walls. One wild winter's night the Baron sat with his retainers in the
great hall drinking and reveling, as was their wont. The wind howled in gusts
fitfully, and in the pauses a loud knocking was heard at the oaken door, the
very door by which you entered this evening, Herr Kauptmann. The Thurhuter, when
he opened the door, saw no one, though the moon was that moment shining through
the drift of the clouds, but he felt a cold blast sweep across his face. So he
shut the door again, and thought it must have been the storm that had deceived
him. The next moment those in the hall saw a monk in a black habit, with his
cowl drawn over his head, enter and walk up to where the Baron was sitting. Then
the monk threw back his hood, and an old withered face, ghastly pale, but stern
and fierce, gazed on the Baron.
" 'Tausend sakerment!' shouted
the Baron, starting up in a rage; 'dog of an abbot what brings you here? Trundle
out the shaveling, and set the hounds upon him.'
" 'The abbot raised his skinny
arm, and said in a hollow and solemn voice, "This night twenty years you and I
met last. I am on my way to the abbey, follow me."
" 'The abbot retired as he came,
no one daring to hinder him.
" 'Zum henker! to the hangman
with him,' cried the Baron, choking with rage, and springing after him. That
moment the old bell pealed out with a wild clang from the tower. The Baron in
his haste tripped over a stool and fell to the ground. When they lifted him up
he was dead. 'Twas said he died of a fit. Maybe so. But that very night one of
the holzknechts returning to the village
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