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OUR WAR ILLUSTRATIONS.
ON
page 4 we illustrate
SHIP
ISLAND, lately occupied by our troops ; on page 13 the vessels composing GENERAL
BURNSIDE'S EXPEDITION ; on page 12 a view of
GREEN RIVER BRIDGE, KENTUCKY; and
on page 5 SAVANNAH AND ITS APPROACHES.
SHIP ISLAND was occupied by the
advance-guard of
General Butler's expedition on 3d December: The
troops consisted of the 26th Massachusetts and 9th Connecticut Volunteers, under
command of Brigadier-General Phelps. They left Massachusetts in the steamer
Constitution; their embarkation was duly illustrated in Harper's Weekly at the
time. On 3d inst., as we said, they arrived at their destination, landed, and
occupied the island without molestation. It is understood that they are to be
followed by other troops, on whose arrival operations will be commenced against
Mobile or
New Orleans, or both. The following account of
Ship Island will, with our illustrations, enable our readers to understand the
importance of the movement:
Ship Island is situated in
longitude 89 and a little north of latitude 30, and is the property of the State
of Mississippi. It is about sixty miles from New Orleans, nearly the same
distance from the Northeast Pass, at the mouth of the
Mississippi River, forty miles from Mobile, and
ninety from
Fort Pickens. It lies between Horn Island on
the east and Cat Island on the west, and is distant about five miles from each.
Some ten or twelve miles to the north, on the main land of Mississippi, are the
towns of Balexi, Pascagoula, and Mississippi City. These towns are favorite
summer resorts for the wealthy planters and merchants of the Gulf States, and,
in consequence of a bar off their shore, are now the places of refuge for rebel
gun-boats.
Ship Island is somewhat
undulating, and extends in a slight curve about seven miles east-northeast and
westsouthwest. At West Point (the western end), where the fort is located, the
island is little more than an eighth of a mile wide, and is a mere sand spit,
utterly barren of grass or foliage of any kind. This eastern end, or East Point,
is about three-quarters of a mile in width, and is well wooded with pine, cedar,
and live-oak.
The whole island contains a
fraction less than two square miles of territory. Excellent water can be
obtained in unlimited supply by sinking a barrel any where on the place. The
great advantage of this is too palpable to require comment.
The island possesses a very
superior harbor, into which nineteen feet can be carried at ordinarily low
water. It is situated north of the west end of the island. The anchorage, with
water equal to the depth on the bar, is five miles long, and averages three and
a quarter miles in width. The harbor is safe for the most dangerous storms in
the Gulf—those from the eastward, southward and eastward, and southward—and
might be easily entered during these storms without a pilot, if good
light-houses were placed in proper positions. The rise and fall of the tide is
only from twelve to fourteen inches.
FORT MASSACHUSETTS, of which we
give an illustration, is thus described in the Herald letter:
This fort, which is situated on
the sand spit at the extreme western end of the island, is nearly circular in
shape, somewhat resembling a pear in form. As I have stated elsewhere, its
construction was commenced by the federal Government, and when in a state of
considerable progress was burned by the rebels, who afterward rebuilt and then
abandoned it. It is of brick, and rendered bomb-proof by sand-bags place fire or
six feet deep in front of the walls.
The rebels built eleven
casemates, and our forces have built two more since they have occupied the fort.
The casemates are bomb-proof. The fort is at present but one tier high. It is
provided with
Dahlgren's 9-inch shell guns of very heavy
calibre and in perfect order, and they are hourly expecting sixteen more very
heavy guns from Pensacola. Besides this, Captain Manning's battery have landed
five of their steel rifled cannon, with the Sawyer projectile. There were six of
these guns on board the Constitution, but unfortunately one of them was lost
overboard in removing them from the transport. It is hoped that they will be
able to recover it, as a buoy floats right over the spot where it full.
The vessels composing
GENERAL
BURNSIDE'S EXPEDITION will he found portrayed on
page 13. They comprise vessels
of all kinds, from steam-sloops to schooners. The principal craft, composing the
expedition proper, are North River propellers altered into gun-boats. These
vessels, it is believed, will prove very useful, as they can carry a large
number of men, besides acting as gun-boats. They have been strengthened
throughout, and carry from two to four guns each. The destination of
General Burnside's expedition is, of course, a
secret. It is surmised, however, that it will operate in conjunction with
General McClellan, and form a base not very far
from Fortress Monroe.
GREEN RIVER BRIDGE, KENTUCKY,
near which the contending armies under Schoepf and
Zollicoffer have been
encamped, is 73 miles from
Louisville, Kentucky, on the line of the
Louisville and Nashville Railroad. This most elegant structure was built in the
fall of 1857. It is nearly 1000 feet in length; the centre pier is 115 feet
high. The first, or south pier, was blown up by the rebels and entirely
destroyed.
Our birds-eye view of SAVANNAH
AND ITS APPROACHES will convey a clear idea of the theatre of Commodore Dupont's
operations.
OUR WAR MAP.
WE have republished separately
the admirable
War Map of the Southern States, which appeared
in a late Number of
HARPER'S WEEKLY, and are prepared to furnish
it, BEAUTIFULLY COLORED, at Six CENTS per copy, with the usual discount to
Agents. This Map is generally admitted to he the MOST COMPLETE WAR MAP IN
EXISTENCE.
TO ADVERTISERS.
THE great exertions made by the
proprietors of HARPER'S WEEKLY to illustrate the WAR have been rewarded by a
large increase of circulation. During last year over FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE WAR have been published in HARPER'S WEEKLY. It now circulates ONE HUNDRED
AND TWENTY THOUSAND COPIES WEEKLY; which is, we believe, the largest circulation
of any Journal in this country in which Advertisements are published, Price 50
and 75 cents per line.
EUROPEAN Dealers will be supplied
with HARPER'S WEEKLY by John Adams Knight, Publisher of the London American, 100
Fleet Street, London, England, where Subscriptions and Advertisements will be
received, and single copies of HARPER'S MONTHLY and WEEKLY furnished.
HARPER'S WEEKLY.
SATURDAY, JANUARY 4, 1862.
THE "TRENT" QUESTION.
IT is well understood that Great
Britain has demanded satisfaction for the
Trent affair, in what terms and to
what extent is not known at the time we write. It is inferred from the tone of
the British press that the degree of satisfaction required is such as can not be
granted without subjecting the United States to decided humiliation. And the
question which has engrossed the minds of all loyal Americans during the past
week has been whether we should submit to humiliation, or go to war again with
England.
The answer to that question has
not been unanimous. Some of our leading men and some journals are for war with
England if the British demands growing out of the Trent affair are such as can
not be honorably complied with. Others again hold that in our present straits we
can not afford to embark in a foreign war, and that it is better for us now to
submit to the demands of England, whatever they may be, and to trust to the
future for opportunities of redress and vengeance. The latter view appears to be
entertained by those whose opinion is entitled to the greatest weight.
They argue that if the British
navy and British credit were placed at the service of the rebels, it would be a
work of superhuman difficulty to conquer them. We might, and we probably would,
do infinite injury to British commerce. We might, if it were deemed worth while,
overrun Canada, and add that wild and worthless region to our dominion. We might
even stir up serious disturbances in Ireland. But all this would not compensate
us for the permanent division of the Union and the erection of a hostile power
on our own soil. There is no question but the navy of Great Britain is at
present so superior to ours that our blockade would be speedily broken, and thus
the great object for whose accomplishment we have taken up arms would be placed
beyond our reach. The war between the insurrectionary and the loyal States would
be prolonged indefinitely, and our ultimate success would be rendered extremely
doubtful.
In view of these considerations,
and of the paramount importance of preserving the Union at all costs, a majority
of our leading men are understood to be of the opinion that the wisest course
now is to comply with the demands of Great Britain whatever they may be, and to
reserve to ourselves the right of reopening the controversy hereafter. That this
is the view of the Administration we do not know. But there is reason to believe
that
Mr. Lincoln is as keenly alive as any one to the vital importance of
maintaining our nationality at any sacrifice, and that he will not risk the main
point for the sake of incidental controversies and side issues.
Of the conduct of Great Britain
in this affair it requires unusual self-control to speak in measured language.
It is as well known in England as here that the United States are engaged in a
life struggle; that every man and every dollar are enlisted in a contest for the
maintenance of our nationality; that there never has been a time since the
conquest of our independence when this country was less fitted to embark in a
foreign war. It requires some self-command to remark upon the conduct of a
nation which chooses this moment to offer us the option of war or humiliation.
History, we think, may vainly be searched for a parallel. Half a dozen times
since 1814 occasions of war have arisen between this country and England, and
have always been adjusted by diplomacy. It is only now, when our whole energies
are engrossed in a domestic struggle, that England ventures to threaten us with
war.
But a just Providence rules, and
to Him the issue may safely be intrusted. No wrong, in national affairs, ever
goes unpunished. No such baseness as England has evinced in the course of the
past nine months can escape retribution. A time will come—and in our day,
too—when we shall call England to account for the unnatural enmity she has
displayed toward the United States ; for her base sympathy with traitors and
pirates, and for the unspeakable cowardice she now evinces in trying to drive us
to the wall in the hour of our most trying extremity She should be the last
Power in the world to make us her foe, for she has not a friend in the world.
There is not a nation in Europe that would not exult over the ruin of England,
for there is not one she has not insulted, outraged, or injured at some moment
when they could not strike back. France, Russia, Spain, Germany, Italy—all will
sympathize heart and soul with us when the time comes for our retribution, our
vengeance. Millions of poor creatures in India, and millions in China, will
bless the day when we strike to the heart of the brutal oppressor, who, for a
century, has trampled
them, and robbed them, and
cheated them, and tried to convert them into mere instruments for the
consumption of Manchester and Birmingham goods Twice in our history we have
fought with England, each time for causes which even Englishmen now admit to
have been just. We have one more fight in prospect: but it will be the last. .
THE LOUNGER.
1862.
HARPER'S WEEKLY wishes its
friends a Happy New Year ! It has every reason to do so, for it believes firmly
in the prospects and promises of the coming time. Nor can it be unmindful of the
prosperity which has followed it during the eventful year that now closes—a
prosperity which it may fairly say is not altogether undeserved. With a weekly
issue of 120,000 copies, an illustrated journal like this is necessarily a power
in the land. Today, at least, while it compliments all others, it may be
forgiven for not forgetting itself; especially if it means, in good faith, not
to forget itself in the coming year, but to serve its friends as faithfully as
in the past.
A Happy New Year ! It can hardly
fail to be that. The tempest upon our Southern horizon is already wasting itself
away, and it will leave the land fatter and fairer in all good purposes and
principles. The cloud that rolls up for the moment from the East, beyond the
sea, is a cloud that is transparent, and a peaceful sky shines through it. We
have come in the last year to our national consciousness. We have proved to
ourselves that the sons are worthy of the sires. The proof has cost money and
blood, and will yet cost more. But that retrospect makes even the dark year of
war welcome, and the consequences will make each future year of our lives a
Happy New Year.
A CHAPTER OF HISTORY.
WHATEVER be the result of the
difficulty between this country and England, history will record but a few
simple facts:
That this was a great friendly
power at peace with Great Britain ;
That under different political
systems each country was working out the problem of constitutional liberty;
That our commercial relations
were most essential and intimate;
That the traditional mutual
jealousy and dislike springing naturally from the circumstances of our earlier
history were fast disappearing;
That while England was
distinctively an Anti-Slavery nation, and the system of
Slavery still lingered
among us, yet that public sentiment here was rapidly ripening and preparing the
peaceful and lawful solution of the question, of which the proof was the
election of Mr. Lincoln;
That that result being clearly
foreseen by a faction in the country, they raised the standard of revolt
professedly to destroy this Government and to establish another upon the
corner-stone of Slavery;
That no other reason for the
revolt was seriously presented or accepted;
That immediately upon the
declaration of this rebellion, before it had struck any significant blow, or
achieved any result whatsoever, the British Government, without waiting for a
word from this Government, at once recognized the rebels as a belligerent power,
thereby treating a faction aiming to subvert a friendly government for the
purpose already indicated as the warlike equal of that government;
That in reply to the natural
incredulity, surprise, and indignation of loyal American citizens, the chief
organs of British opinion, leading statesmen, and public men, assumed the
destruction of this Government as a fact already accomplished, and accused the
citizens who were maintaining the integrity of the nation of waging a wicked and
fratricidal war;
That the thinly-veiled sympathy
with the rebellion, and selfish delight in the difficulties of this nation,
which, with few exceptions, have been manifested by Great Britain from the
beginning, at length induced the captain of an English passenger steamer, in
open and deliberate violation of the Queen's proclamation—which was intended to
embarrass this Government by granting belligerent rights to rebels, but which
expressly forbade all English subjects to carry "officers, soldiers, dispatches,
arms," etc.—to receive as passengers two men personally known to him as
emissaries of the rebels to foreign courts, and so publicly declared to be by
the ringleader of the rebellion;
That in pursuance of the
unquestionable rights of a belligerent power, a naval officer of the United
States stopped the offending steamer, and, after seizing the traitors, kindly
permitted the offending ship to proceed;
That Great Britain had always
exercised, and still asserted, the right of stopping any American vessel upon
the high seas, and removing any British seaman found on board ;
That she had thus stopped
hundreds of American vessels, and removed thousands of sailors;
That upon hearing what this
nation had done, the English were as furious as if they had the prescriptive
right to do precisely as they chose, and other nations only what Great Britain
might permit;—
At this point the record, for the
moment, closes. If it shall be completed by the further fact that thereupon
England declared war against us, recognized the rebellion as a successful
revolution, and, in concert with the slaveholders, sought to overthrow this
Government and consummate the ruin of the country, no student of history will be
surprised. No nation is disinterested. None is so little so as England. Only the
greatest firmness and care upon the part of this Government can prevent
her hastening, in the hour of our
peril, from dealing a blow which she will hope may remove her most formidable
rival forever.
WHAT WILL BE DONE?
THE attitude of the country and
the tone of the newspapers since the news of the English excitement are most
admirable. Perfectly calm and perfectly firm, neither inviting nor evading a
war, which could not fail to fall most heavily upon all sides, the feeling of
the nation undoubtedly is to acknowledge frankly any wrong that may have been
committed, and to submit to no dishonor.
Unquestionably the Government
will insist that, by all international law and usage, and especially by the
uniform conduct of England upon the ocean, nothing can be clearer than the right
of a national ship to stop a neutral vessel and remove contraband of war,
dispatches, and agents.
If the British Government should
claim that, as we do not recognize the rebels as belligerents, they must be
considered political refugees invoking the protection of the English flag; and
that therefore England can no more allow them to be taken by force from an
English ship than she could allow Mann and Yancey to be taken by force from
English soil—the reply is final, that, without going further, it is quite enough
that Great Britain has recognized them as belligerents, and has formally warned
all English ships that they carry officers, dispatches, and contraband goods at
their peril.
If England shall ask an
explanation, there will be an explanation and correspondence. If it fails to
satisfy, the matter can and should be left to arbitrament. This nation wishes to
do nothing wrong. But, of course, it does not accept England as the expounder of
what is right. That must be determined by a congress of nations, or by an
arbiter mutually selected.
If England sends an ultimatum,
Lord Lyons will have received his passports before this paper is printed.
Should that be the course, it
will be evident that she wished only war, and necessarily the responsibility
will be hers. The chances for war are—the English hatred of America; the want of
cotton; the danger of loss of office by the present Ministry if they do not
raise the war-cry; and the opportunity of striking us and finishing us when we
may be hit at a disadvantage. The chances for peace are—in the unquestionable
justice of our position; in the wisdom and coolness of our Government; in the
traditional jealousy of France toward England, which would not fail to strike
when England was most exposed; and the universal tumult in the world which such
a war would occasion.
The probability is, that the
black cloud will mutter hoarsely and roll away. The possibility is, that the
whole vexed question of belligerent rights may be settled by an international
congress.
WHY IS ENGLAND OUR ENEMY?
WHY should England wish a war
with us? Is she not our natural friend? are questions that are instinctively
asked by many who have fondly cherished the tradition that England was a
peculiarly magnanimous power. and that community of language and race is
sufficient to secure permanent friendship between us.
But the case is very clear to a
moment's calm consideration.
If we emerge victorious from the
suppression of the rebellion, as no sane man doubts, we shall have demonstrated
the superiority of our system to every other in the world; for no other
government could hope to subdue a conspiracy so vast and vigorous as this has
proved to be. Our success will be the most fatal argument against an
aristocratic system. Every English coronet, from the crown down, will feel
itself cracked. Bright will be the Englishman of proved deepest insight; and
what would not English toryism and the testy prejudice of
John Bull do to avoid
seeing John Bright justified? Our success will be a tremendous political
argument against England.
But again, if we are victorious,
we come out with an army and a navy which make us absolute masters of this
Continent, and America master of the seas. What, then, becomes of the mistress?
If John Bull bears, like the Turk, no rival near the throne, what is he likely
to do with a superior?
Our domestic struggle is thus
really the crisis of England. She has seen it from the beginning, and hence all
her conduct during the contest. Doubtless she will strain every point now to
precipitate war. But if she does not at once insist upon an ultimatum, this
effort will be defeated.
The cue of England at this moment
is to insist upon the right of secession, in order to pave the way to a
recognition of the Confederate traitors. This spirit appears in all quarters.
"Senator So-and-so has the temerity to deny the right of secession!" exclaimed
an Englishman the other day, who had been in the country four months; and the
Athenoeum, a purely literary and scientific London paper, begins a review of a
work upon the American Union by a Mr. James Spence, with these words: "Although
Mr. James Spence takes the right side on the main question raised in his book,
and arranges with lucidity and force the arguments which establish the existence
of a constitutional right to secede in, the States of the American Union," etc.,
etc.
This is amusing, because nothing
is more profound than the ignorance of every Englishman in the matter of our
political system. That they should be ignorant is not surprising. But that they
should now, whether in the person of Mr. James Spence, or those mysterious and
final gentlemen "the Law Officers of the Crown," undertake to enlighten the
world at large, and especially the President and his Cabinet, as to the proper
interpretation of our Constitution, is so ludicrously preposterous that it must
be turned off with a loud laugh.
And yet, notwithstanding this
practical absurdity, and the unquestionable alienation of English (Next
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